tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19256850056495796752024-03-13T20:48:15.543+00:00Institute Of Ultrasound Training Faisalabad PakistanSociety of Ultrasound Education & Health Sciences Faisalabd
Registered Govt. Of Punjab Under Act 1860
Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-69254788050100492602014-10-30T09:20:00.002+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.884+00:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 19pt;">Hydrosalpinx<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 9pt;">From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>hydrosalpinx<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a
distally blocked<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian
tube</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>filled with<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous" title="Serous">serous</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or clear fluid. The blocked tube may
become substantially distended giving the tube a characteristic sausage-like or
retort-like shape. The condition is often bilateral and the affected tubes may
reach several centimeters in diameter. The blocked tubes cause<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>.</span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">A
fallopian tube filled with blood is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematosalpinx" title="Hematosalpinx">hematosalpinx</a>,
and with pus a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pyosalpinx.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Hydrosalpinx
is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">composite</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of
the Greek words ὕδωρ (hydro - "water") and σαλπιγξ (salpinx - '
"trumpet"); its plural is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>hydrosalpinges</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;">Contents<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#Etiology"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Etiology</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#Symptoms"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Symptoms</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#Diagnosis"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Diagnosis</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#Prevention"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Prevention</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#Management"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Management</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#IVF_and_hydrosalpinx"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5.1</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">IVF and hydrosalpinx</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#History"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">History</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#See_also"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">See also</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#References"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">References</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosalpinx#External_links"><span class="tocnumber"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">9</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span class="toctext"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">External links</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="mw-headline"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;">Etiology</span></span></h2>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">The
major cause for distal tubal occlusion is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">pelvic inflammatory disease</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(PID), usually as a consequence of an
ascending infection by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" title="Chlamydia infection">chlamydia</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>.
However, not all pelvic infections will cause distal tubal occlusion. Tubal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is an uncommon cause of hydrosalpinx
formation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">While
the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilia" title="Cilia">ciliae</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of the inner lining (endosalpinx) of
the fallopian tube beat towards the uterus, tubal fluid is normally discharged
via the fimbriated end into the peritoneal cavity from where it is cleared. If
the fimbriated end of the tube becomes agglutinated, the resulting obstruction
does not allow the tubal fluid to pass; it accumulates and reverts its flow
downstream, into the uterus, or production is curtailed by damage to the
endosalpinx. This tube then is unable to participate in the reproductive
process: sperm cannot pass, the egg is not picked up, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>does not take place.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Other
causes of distal tubal occlusion include adhesion formation from surgery,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>,
and cancer of the tube, ovary or other surrounding organs.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>hematosalpinx<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is
most commonly associated with an<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic
pregnancy</a>. A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pyosalpinx<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is typically seen in a more acute
stage of PID and may be part of a tuboovarian<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(TOA).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Tubal phimosis</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span></b></span><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">refers to a situation where the tubal end is partially occluded, in this
case fertility is impeded, and the risk of an ectopic pregnancy is increased.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="mw-headline"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;">Symptoms</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Symptoms
can vary. Some patients have lower often recurring abdominal pain or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_pain" title="Pelvic pain">pelvic pain</a>,
while others may be asymptomatic. As tubal function is impeded,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a common symptom. Patients who are
not trying to get pregnant and have no pain, may go undetected.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">IUDs,
endometriosis, and abdominal surgery sometimes are associated with the problem.
As a reaction to injury, the body rushes inflammatory cells into the area, and
inflammation and later healing result in loss of the fimbria and closure of the
tube. These infections usually affect both fallopian tubes, and although a
hydrosalpinx can be one-sided, the other tube on the opposite side is often
abnormal. By the time it is detected, the tubal fluid usually is sterile, and
does not contain an active infection.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="mw-headline"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;">Diagnosis</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Hydrosalpinx
may be diagnosed using<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasonography</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>as the fluid filled elongated and
distended tubes display their typical echolucent pattern. However, a small
hydrosalpinx may be missed by sonography. During an infertility work-up a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterosalpingogram" title="Hysterosalpingogram">hysterosalpingogram</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(HSG), an X-ray procedure that uses a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast
agent</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to image the fallopian
tubes, shows the retort-like shape of the distended tubes and the absence of
spillage of the dye into the peritoneum. If, however, there is a tubal
occlusion at the utero-tubal junction, a hydrosalpinx may go undetected. When a
hydrosalpinx is detected by an HSG it is prudent to administer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to reduce the risk of reactivation of
an inflammatory process.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">When
a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopy</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is performed, the surgeon will note
the distended tubes, identify the occlusion, and may also find associated
adhesions affecting the pelvic organs. A laparoscopy not only allows for the
diagnosis of hydrosalpinx, but also presents a platform for intervention (see
management).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
<h2 style="border: none; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0.1in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span class="mw-headline"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;">Prevention</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">As<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">pelvic inflammatory disease</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is the major cause of hydrosalpinx
formation, steps to reduce<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted disease</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>will reduce incidence of hydrosalpinx.
Also, as hydrosalpinx is a sequel to a pelvic infection, adequate and early<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>treatment of a pelvic infection is
called for.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
<h2 style="border: none; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0.1in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span class="mw-headline"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;">Management</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">For
most of the past century patients with tubal infertility due to hydrosalpinx
underwent<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuboplasty" title="Tuboplasty">tubal
corrective surgery</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to open up
the distally occluded end of the tubes (salpingostomy) and remove adhesions
(adhesiolysis). Unfortunately, pregnancy rates tended to be low as the
infection process often had permanently damaged the tubes, and in many cases
hydrosalpinges and adhesions formed again. Further,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic
pregnancy</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a typical
complication.Surgical interventions can be done by laparotomy
or laparoscopy.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Non-infertile
patients who suffer from severe chronic pain due to hydrosalpinx formation that
is not relieved by pain management may consider surgical removal of the
affected tube(s) (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpingectomy" title="Salpingectomy">salpingectomy</a>) or even a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>with removal of the tubes, possibly
ovaries.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0.05in;">
<span class="mw-headline"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 13pt;">IVF and
hydrosalpinx</span></span><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">With
the advent of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVF" title="IVF">IVF</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>which bypasses the need for tubal
function a more successful treatment approach has become available for women
who want to conceive. IVF has now become the major treatment for women with
hydrosalpinx to achieve a pregnancy.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Several
studies have shown that IVF patients with untreated hydrosalpinx have lower
conception rates than controls and it has been speculated that the tubal fluid
that enters the endometrial cavity alters the local environment or affects the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in a detrimental way. Thus, many
specialists advocate that prior to an IVF attempt, the hydrosalpinx should be
removed. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
<h2 style="border: none; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0.1in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span class="mw-headline"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.5pt;">History</span></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="border: none; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0.1in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 2.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier
de Graaf</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>may have been the
first to understand basic tubal function, describe hydrosalpinx, and link the
development of hydrosalpinx with female infertility.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The usually infectious cause of the
process was well known to physicians by the end of the nineteenth century.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>With the introduction of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">hysterosalpingography</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(1914) and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal_insufflation" title="Tubal insufflation">tubal insufflation</a>(1920) its non-surgical
diagnosis became possible. Surgery was gradually displaced by IVF as the main
treatment for tubal infertility after the birth of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brown" title="Louise Brown">Louise
Brown</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in 1978.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-2087195928302613332014-10-30T09:15:00.004+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.911+00:00What is Adenomyosis & What are Adhesions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.45pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">What
is Adenomyosis?</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Adenomyosis is where endometriosis is found within the muscle wall of the
uterus. A gynaecologist may be suspicious adenomyosis is present because
of symptoms and the uterus can look and feel 'bulky'. Some women can have
both adenomyosis and endometriosis. The symptoms of adenomyosis
often respond well to medical treatment and an IUS (Intrauterine System) is
often offered. A hysterectomy is sometimes recommended to remove the uterus but
this will depend on many factors including your choice.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.45pt;">
</div>
<h2>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">What
are Adhesions?</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></b></span></h2>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">
Adhesions are bands of fibrous scar tissue which cause organs or tissue to
stick together in an abnormal way eg, the ovary to the pelvic side wall. They
may be congenital, or caused by endometriosis or indeed by surgery. Adhesions
can cause pain and disrupt normal function. Adhesions should be removed during
surgery and every precaution taken to prevent their recurrence. They often look
like rubber bands and or cobwebs!<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Paracetamol is not
helping my pain. What else can I take to help give me some relief?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Paracetamol alleviates pain by reducing the body’s sensitivity to pain.
It belongs to a group of medicines called simple analgesics and is used for
mild-moderate pain. Since this medicine doesn’t stop the body producing
prostaglandins (chemicals that cause the cramping type of pain) taking an anti
inflammatory e.g. ibuprofen, Diclofenac, either in combination or instead of,
is often a good option. Codeine is a stronger pain reliever and reduces
your perception of pain by blocking pain signals from nerves in your
body. It can be used alone or in combination with Paracetamol and
anti-inflammatories.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Can I take
Ibuprofen and Naproxen together to give me better relief from period pain?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Ibuprofen (Nurofen®) and Naproxen (Naprogesic®, Synflex®) are both
anti-inflammatory medicines that work by preventing the body producing
prostaglandins. These chemicals cause the cramping type of pain that occurs on
the days at the beginning of your period. Taking anti inflammatories results is
less pain, swelling, and inflammation. However, since they work by stopping the
production of prostaglandins, they must be taken before any of these chemicals
are produced. Therefore, you need to start taking anti inflammatories at least
24 hours before you expect to pain to occur. Not taking these medicines until
after you feel pain, means the medication cannot block the pain-producing
chemicals as they have already been released, so they cannot stop the pain.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Since these medicines are in the same
group/family it is not recommended that you take both together. A side
effect of taking anti inflammatory medicines is stomach/gastric
irritation. Taking each dose with food can help reduce any of these
effects. If you are already taking an anti inflammatory (ibuprofen,
naproxen, Diclofenac (Voltaren®), mefenemic acid (Ponstan®) medicine you can
still take Paracetamol and or codeine containing medicines as these work quite
differently and block pain.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">I have been told
that if I go on to the 'pill' it can help relieve some of my endometriosis
symptoms. How can a pill used as a contraceptive do this?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
The ‘pill’ or combined oral contraceptive pill is not just one drug. There are
many different types, with each product containing a specific low-dose
combination of synthetic oestrogen and progestagen (progesterone). The
medication alleviates the pain of endometriosis by suppressing menstruation
while still controlling normal hormone patterns, and inhibiting the growth of
the endometrial implants. Ovulation is also prevented so ovulation pain
can be treated by taking the pill. Taking the pill continuously allows
you to decrease the number of periods per year, therefore usually results in
less period pain. The pill is often used as a first line treatment, but
isn’t suitable for everyone and it doesn’t work for some girls and women.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">What is the
difference between an IUD and GnRH products?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
An IUD (intrauterine device) e.g. Mirena® is a tiny plastic t-shaped device
that releases progesterone (levonogestrel) directly to the uterus. The
progesterone acts locally in the uterus and only a small amount is transferred
to the bloodstream. The Mirena® IUD reduces bleeding and dysmenorrhoea
and provides superior effectiveness compared to traditional copper IUDs.
The device can provide contraception for up to 5 years while making periods
lighter and usually less painful. New endometriosis lesions may be
discouraged from forming once a Mirena® IUD has been fitted.<br />
GnRH(Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone) analogue products are a range of
medicines that, when used continuously for longer than 2 weeks, they stop
oestrogen production in several different ways. These medicines seems like
natural GnRH to the body but they work by preventing an egg being released and
cause very little oestrogen to be produced. This deprives the endometrional
implants of oestrogen causing them to become inactive and degenerate.
These are usually given as a long-acting injection once a month for up to 6
months. While on GnRH analogues your periods usually stop, therefore are an
option for treating painful periods. Some women experience unpleasant side
effects. Symptoms can often return following a course of GnRH.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">I had sex for the
first time last year when I was 16 and it really hurt. I know it can hurt the
first time but I’ve had sex a few times since then and it still hurts. My
periods are really bad as well and sometimes I stay home from school. We had
the ‘me’ programme come to my school and we were told that painful sex is never
normal. Now I don’t want to do it. What do you think I should do?
- Polly</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Hi Polly - I was really sad to hear that your first sexual experiences have
hurt. I’d like you to think about the words you used. Sometimes things
can hurt or sometimes things can be painful. What do you think you
experienced? There are a number of reasons sex can hurt like if there is
not enough lubrication, if your hymen is still intact, if you are uptight and
not relaxed or have an infection (like thrush). If you are at all
concerned and it’s still happening, you should talk to a doctor or nurse. It
might be quite simple and easily fixed and you normally feel better when you’ve
shared something which is concerning you. Pain with sex is never
normal. Sometimes the pain can be felt deep inside and some women use words
like throbbing, stabbing or sharp to describe what they feel. It can be painful
at the time and even ache afterwards for a short time or sometimes for several
hours. Sex wasn’t designed to cause this sort of pain! Painful sex
is a symptom of endometriosis and if your periods are also causing you enough
grief that you have to stay at home, this is definitely time to talk to a
doctor. Make sure you tell the doctor all the symptoms and the things that you
are worried about. What you describe isn’t life threatening Polly, but it can
make you feel miserable and bad about yourself and your relationship.
Remember, when you feel bad, others around you can feel bad too. Symptoms
tell us there’s something not quite right and the sooner we check things out,
the better off we are. A doctor might suspect endometriosis and talk
about a plan to help your pain and improve your quality of life. It’s
also a good idea to monitor your progress so that everything’s fine in the
future if you want to have a family<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">I’ve had bad
endometriosis since my periods started and while I like my job, my boss doesn’t
have much sympathy for me. I’ve used up all my sick leave (mainly on
doctor’s visits and surgery). I feel isolated and don’t know what to do.</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
You have raised an issue which is the reality for many women in the workforce
and it’s tricky to sometimes find the best path through. Through no fault
of their own, many women are in an unenviable position in that they<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>need</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>want</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>to work and yet their health
lets them down. What’s more, having endometriosis is costly in lost
productivity, relationships, physically, emotionally and financially.
It’s not only the pain, you can also feel isolated, exhausted and suffer other
symptoms too. It’s usually sensitive discussing these matters with
employers, particularly when you don’t seem to be any better despite having
treatment. Your boss may very well have other reasons for having a short
fuse and your health concerns have just become another gripe. It’s time for
you to take stock of where you’re at. It doesn’t sound to me like
carrying on like this is an option!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Well, there is a way through! <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Take time to assess your health and your needs.
This may sound simple but once you get on life’s roller coaster, the important
things often get put on the back burner. Sometimes I use two words –
‘distress and discomfort’, to ask those questions. If any symptoms are
distressing, you need full gynaecological review as to why.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Take time to talk to someone close to you and share
your concerns. Many women harbour their feelings and pain because they
don’t want to appear like the complaining type and because it just gets so dull
and boring feeling sick most of the time. This is usually when you become
sick and tired of being sick and tired. So, you probably isolate yourself and
those close to you are often left in the dark. It’s really true that ‘a
problem shared is a problem halved’. Hopefully, through sharing and
discussion, you will be able to nut out a few key things you can do make
change. Make a list and tick the boxes as you action the things.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Not all
gynaecologists are endometriosis specialists. You may have had surgery to
treat the disease but was it resected or removed explains what kind of surgery
is considered ‘best practice’ by those gynaecologists with a special interest
and skill in treating the disease. We’re really fortunate in NZ to have
quite a few who do! See if you can get a referral to one of these
specialists or you may be in a position to access this through one of the
private endometriosis clinics in the country and some hospitals have specialist
gynaecologists.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">There is usually a medical plan which can offer you
relief. You need something to get on top of the pain now, while you wait for
gynaecological review and there are hormonal drugs which can effectively slow
progression of disease and bring some pain relief. The latest of these
drugs have fewer side effects but you need advice from your doctor and
specialist gynaecologist who understand. Sometimes an IUS
(Intra-uterine-system), a contraceptive which is fitted at the time of surgery
and can help to slow disease progression and give relief from heavy bleeding
and pain.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Once symptoms start
to impact on your life, you also need to think about self management options.
For instance, if you have bowel symptoms (like bloating, diarrhoea and
fluctuating bowel habit, excess and painful wind and pain going to the toilet)
you can modify your diet which can help such a lot. There are specific
foods which tend to trigger <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pick a good time to
talk to your boss about your health and work. Often employers will
consider anything which shows productivity and workplace happiness will be
enhanced. Maybe this could be raised by the staff and ideas could be
brainstormed, BUT make sure the employer doesn’t think it’s a full on attack or
revolt. State the positive spin offs about introducing things which are
going to make you an even better employee. This could be shorter but more
frequent breaks through the day, glide time hours or improvements to your
workspace. Depending on the job, some employers have agreed to a partial ‘work
from home’ situation. Corporate companies often have wellness programmes
and the subject could arise out of that. You may even be surprised how many
others at your work suffer similarly and your work may even consider special
arrangements because of this. Find out about the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.nzendo.co.nz/wise-in-the-workplace.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">WISE
programme</span></a>and see whether it would be possible to have this at your
work. WISE has covered all topics relating to gynaecology including
menopause and fertility and it can be framed to suit your workplace.
Remember too, that while these are woman’s conditions, men suffer too! <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Weigh everything up and think about ‘now’ and your
future. Can you actually afford to take a few months off and concentrate
on your health so that you are able to work in the future?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.45pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">What
is endometrioma?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
An endometrioma is the medical name for a cyst of endometriosis usually found
growing in the ovary or sometimes both ovaries. They are often referred
to as chocolate cysts because they are filled with thick chocolaty type
fluid. Endometrioma’s can distort the ovary and impair ovarian
function. They can be fully excised leaving normal ovarian tissue but
this requires advanced surgical skill. Depending on age or fertility, an ovary
may need to be removed because of the severity of the endometrioma(s).
You should always be fully informed if this option is considered. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Can endometriosis
come back after surgery?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
This is a commonly asked question and the answer can be complex. Quite
simply the answer is ‘yes’ but it does depend on quite a few factors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">We don’t yet know the exact cause of endometriosis so,
while it can be removed or excised at surgery, this doesn’t guarantee a long
term cure. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The exact percentage of how often endometriosis can
come back varies and depend on the type of surgery and other treatments you may
have. However, it does seem that endometriosis recurs more often in girls and
young women.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The best outcomes tend to be with: a) complete removal
of endometriosis (excision or resection). It is therefore important to ask what
technique your surgeon uses and whether they are skilled in advanced
laparoscopic procedure, b) a multi-disciplinary approach to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.nzendo.co.nz/treatment-and-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">treatment and
management.</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Why am I still in
pain when I have tried everything?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
This can be so frustrating and exhausting. Unfortunately it can be common
to feel this way. Read the pages on<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.nzendo.co.nz/treatment-and-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">treatment and
management</span></a>. Sometimes it feels as if you’ve tried everything
and there’s no hope for having an improved quality of life. But, there is
hope! Where endometriosis seems to take over and become all consuming,
one treatment is often not enough. When things reach this point surgery
or medications on their own are unlikely to be the answer. This is why we
advocate a multi-disciplinary holistic approach to treatment which is
considered best practice. All symptoms should be investigated. Women can
have nerve pain which is sometimes called neuropathic pain and nerve entrapment
has also been identified as causing ongoing pain. You can do a lot to
help yourself by identifying the pain. Is it stabbing, burning or sharp?
Is the pain constant or aching and dull? The different types of pain are
explained fully in the book “<a href="http://www.nzendo.co.nz/the-book-endometriosis-pelvic-pain.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain”</span></a>. Be clear about
what symptoms have improved since surgery, what’s different and what’s remained
the same or even worsened. You can do a lot to help yourself with self management,
some of which are explained in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.nzendo.co.nz/treatment-and-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">management
section</span></a>. Ultimately, if things persist, you will need help
from a multi-disciplinary team of experts AND investigate the lifestyle changes
which can relieve some of those painful and exhausting symptoms.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>who can consider all the facts and
help you with a pathway to deliver the best possible outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Can I still get
endometriosis after I have a hysterectomy?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
YES. Endometriosis needs oestrogen produced by the ovaries to be active,
so removing the uterus at hysterectomy doesn’t mean curing the disease.
Many women have relief following hysterectomy but it’s important that the
surgeon removes the endometriosis as well, not just the uterus. A hysterectomy
will cure adenomyosis. Sometimes, in very severe cases, a surgeon might
recommend removing one or both ovaries as well. This is called an oopherectomy
or bilateral oopherectomy (both ovaries). This option requires a lot of
discussion with specialists as well as taking into account your own feelings
and your age, fertility and other needs. Be well informed.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.45pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Can teenagers get
endometriosis?</span></strong><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
The answer is ABSOLUTELY. It’s really common for symptoms to start in the
teen years, sometimes from the very first period. This is particularly so
if there’s a family history of endometriosis or menstrual pain and troublesome
symptoms. It’s really important not to delay seeking help as early
intervention is vital to improve quality of life, relieve suffering and avoid
the possibility of fertility being compromised down the track.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<em><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></b></em><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-19095048283052726782014-05-29T05:55:00.002+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.923+00:00SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND EDUCATION & HEALTH SCIENCES (R) Government Of Punjab RJSC/FDS1334/2013We Provide a Health Services at Faisalabad <div>1.Free Medical Camp</div><div>2.Free Ultrasound Cmap</div><div>3.Free Clinical Test </div><div><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><br /></div><div><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> AT RURAL AND URBAN ARIA DEVISION FAISALABAD </span><br /></span></div><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div>Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-33970433314010923892013-11-18T08:32:00.001+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.932+00:00What are ovaries & Polycystic ovaries <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="a">What are ovaries?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The ovaries are a pair of organs in the female
reproductive system. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the
uterus. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a baby grows. Each
ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs and
female hormones. Hormones are chemicals that control the way certain cells or
organs function.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Every month, during a woman's
menstrual cycle, an egg grows inside an ovary. It grows in a tiny sac called a
follicle . When an egg matures, the sac breaks open to release the egg. The egg
travels through the fallopian tube to
the uterus for fertilization. Then the sac dissolves. The empty sac becomes
corpus luteum . Corpus luteum makes hormones that help prepare for the next
egg.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The ovaries are the main source
of the female hormones estrogen and
progesterone . <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These hormones affect:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The way breasts and body hair grow<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Body shape<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The menstrual cycle<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pregnancy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSTefjwMJm6EvpEL7-gx7h3qR_B0PLIGimmUNgO-I-PVaoE-aZM2TQoP2waXdI2h1f9IFHGGi7S0t9k6Newi8eX2Xk7iWu67fwDm2zPqU6lRuOrXrYaV-zldNiEchYWvDMhgKMyXfPrvin/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSTefjwMJm6EvpEL7-gx7h3qR_B0PLIGimmUNgO-I-PVaoE-aZM2TQoP2waXdI2h1f9IFHGGi7S0t9k6Newi8eX2Xk7iWu67fwDm2zPqU6lRuOrXrYaV-zldNiEchYWvDMhgKMyXfPrvin/s400/Untitled.jpg" width="335" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="b">What are ovarian cysts?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">A cyst is a fluid-filled sac.
They can form anywhere in the body. Ovarian cysts form in or on the ovaries. The most common
type of ovarian cyst is a functional cyst.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Functional cysts often form
during the menstrual cycle. The two types are:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Follicle cysts.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts form when the sac doesn't break open
to release the egg. Then the sac keeps growing. This type of cyst most
often goes away in 1 to 3 months.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Corpus luteum cysts.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts form if the sac doesn't dissolve.
Instead, the sac seals off after the egg is released. Then fluid builds up
inside. Most of these cysts go away after a few weeks. They can grow to
almost 4 inches. They may bleed or twist the ovary and cause pain. They
are rarely cancerous. Some drugs used to cause ovulation, such as Clomid®
or Serophene®, can raise the risk of getting these cysts.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Other types of ovarian cysts
are:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Endometriomas</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts form in women who have endometriosis . This problem
occurs when tissue that looks and acts like the lining of the uterus grows
outside the uterus. The tissue may attach to the ovary and form a growth.
These cysts can be painful during sex and during your period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cystadenomas</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts form from cells on the outer surface of the ovary.
They are often filled with a watery fluid or thick, sticky gel. They can
become large and cause pain.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Dermoid</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">cysts</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts contain many types of cells. They may be filled with
hair, teeth, and other tissues that become part of the cyst. They can
become large and cause pain.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Polycystic</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">ovaries.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts are caused when eggs mature within the sacs but are
not released. The cycle then repeats. The sacs continue to grow and many
cysts form. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<span style="color: #452a67; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?</span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem
that can affect a woman's:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Menstrual cycle<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Ability to have children<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Hormones<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Heart<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Blood vessels<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Appearance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">With PCOS, women
typically have:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">High levels of androgens .<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">These are sometimes called male hormones, though
females also make them.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Missed or irregular periods (monthly bleeding)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Many small cysts
(fluid-filled sacs) in their ovaries<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">How many women have PCOS?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Between 1 in 10 and 1
in 20 women of childbearing age has PCOS. As many as 5 million women in the </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">United States</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> may be affected. It
can occur in girls as young as 11 years old.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">What causes PCOS?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The cause of PCOS is
unknown. But most experts think that several factors, including genetics, could
play a role. Women with PCOS are more likely to have a mother or sister with
PCOS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">A main underlying
problem with PCOS is a hormonal imbalance. In women with PCOS, the ovaries make
more androgens than normal. Androgens are male hormones that females also make.
High levels of these hormones affect the development and release of eggs during
ovulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Researchers also think<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#insulin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">insulin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>may be linked to PCOS. Insulin is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#hormone"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hormone</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>that controls the change of sugar, starches, and other food
into energy for the body to use or store. Many women with PCOS have too much
insulin in their bodies because they have problems using it. Excess insulin
appears to increase production of androgen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">High
androgen levels can lead to:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Acne<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Excessive hair growth<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Weight gain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Problems with</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#ovulation"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ovulation</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">What are the symptoms of PCOS?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The symptoms of PCOS
can vary from woman to woman. Some of the symptoms of PCOS include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Infertility (not able to get pregnant) because of not
ovulating. In fact, PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Infrequent, absent, and/or irregular menstrual
periods<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Hirsutism <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> increased hair growth on the face, chest,
stomach, back, thumbs, or toes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Cysts on the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#ovaries"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ovaries</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Acne, oily skin, or dandruff<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Weight gain or obesity, usually with extra weight
around the waist<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Patches of skin on the neck, arms, breasts, or thighs
that are thick and dark brown or black<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Skin tags — excess flaps of skin in the armpits or
neck area<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Pelvic pain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Anxiety or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#depression"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">depression</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sleep apnea —<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> when breathing stops for short periods of time
while asleep</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"><b>Why do women with PCOS have trouble with their menstrual
cycle and fertility?</b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The ovaries, where a
woman’s eggs are produced, have tiny fluid-filled sacs called follicles or
cysts. As the egg grows, the follicle builds up fluid. When the egg matures,
the follicle breaks open, the egg is released, and the egg travels through the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#fallopian"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fallopian
tube</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to the uterus (womb) for fertilization. This is called
ovulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">In women with PCOS, the
ovary doesn't make all of the hormones it needs for an egg to fully mature. The
follicles may start to grow and build up fluid but ovulation does not occur.
Instead, some follicles may remain as cysts. For these reasons, ovulation does
not occur and the hormone progesterone is not made. Without progesterone, a
woman's menstrual cycle is irregular or absent. Plus, the ovaries make male
hormones, which also prevent ovulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> polycystic ovary</span></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">Does PCOS change at menopause?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Yes and no. PCOS
affects many systems in the body. So, many symptoms may persist even though
ovarian function and hormone levels change as a woman nears<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#menopause"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">menopause</span></a>. For instance, excessive hair growth continues, and
male-pattern baldness or thinning hair gets worse after menopause. Also, the
risks of complications (health problems) from PCOS, such as heart attack,
stroke, and diabetes, increase as a woman gets older.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"><b>How do I know if I have PCOS?</b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">There is no single test
to diagnose PCOS. Your doctor will take the following steps to find out if you
have PCOS or if something else is causing your symptoms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Medical history.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor will ask about your menstrual periods, weight changes,
and other symptoms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Physical exam.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor will want to measure your blood pressure,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#bmi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">body mass
index (BMI)</span></a>, and waist size. He or she
also will check the areas of increased hair growth. You should try to allow the
natural hair to grow for a few days before the visit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Pelvic exam.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor might want to check to see if your ovaries are
enlarged or swollen by the increased number of small cysts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Blood tests.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor may check the androgen hormone and glucose (sugar)
levels in your blood.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Vaginal ultrasound
(sonogram).</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor may perform
a test that uses sound waves to take pictures of the pelvic area. It might be
used to examine your ovaries for cysts and check the endometrium
(en-do-MEE-tree-uhm) (lining of the womb). This lining may become thicker if
your periods are not regular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="h"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">How is PCOS treated?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Because there is no
cure for PCOS, it needs to be managed to prevent problems. Treatment goals are
based on your symptoms, whether or not you want to become pregnant, and
lowering your chances of getting heart disease and diabetes. Many women will
need a combination of treatments to meet these goals. Some treatments for PCOS
include<strong>:</strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Lifestyle modification.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Many women with PCOS are overweight or obese, which can cause
health problems. You can help manage your PCOS by eating healthy and exercising
to keep your weight at a healthy level. Healthy eating tips include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Limiting processed foods and foods with added sugars<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Adding more whole-grain products, fruits, vegetables,
and lean meats to your diet<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">This helps to lower
blood glucose (sugar) levels, improve the body's use of insulin, and normalize
hormone levels in your body. Even a 10 percent loss in body weight can restore
a normal period and make your cycle more regular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Birth control pills.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">For women who don't want to get pregnant,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/birth-control-methods.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">birth control</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pills can:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Control menstrual cycles<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Reduce male hormone levels<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Help to clear acne<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Keep in mind that the
menstrual cycle will become abnormal again if the pill is stopped. Women may
also think about taking a pill that only has<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#progesterone"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">progesterone</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>, like
Provera, to control the menstrual cycle and reduce the risk of endometrial
cancer (See<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/polycystic-ovary-syndrome.html#j"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Does PCOS put
women at risk for other health problems?</span></a>). But, progesterone alone
does not help reduce acne and hair growth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Diabetes medications.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The medicine metformin (Glucophage) is used to treat type 2
diabetes. It has also been found to help with PCOS symptoms, though it isn’t
approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this use. Metformin
affects the way insulin controls blood glucose (sugar) and lowers testosterone
production. It slows the growth of abnormal hair and, after a few months of
use, may help ovulation to return. Recent research has shown metformin to have
other positive effects, such as decreased body mass and improved cholesterol
levels. Metformin will not cause a person to become diabetic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Fertility medications.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Lack of ovulation is usually the reason for fertility problems in
women with PCOS. Several medications that stimulate ovulation can help women
with PCOS become pregnant. Even so, other reasons for infertility in both the
woman and man should be ruled out before fertility medications are used. Also,
some fertility medications increase the risk for multiple births (twins,
triplets). Treatment options include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Clomiphene <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The first choice
therapy to stimulate ovulation for most patients.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Metformin taken with clomiphene — may be tried if
clomiphene alone fails. The combination may help women with PCOS ovulate
on lower doses of medication.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Gonadotropins <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Given as shots, but are
more expensive and raise the risk of multiple births compared to clomiphene.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Another option is in
vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF offers the best chance of becoming pregnant in
any given cycle. It also gives doctors better control over the chance of
multiple births. But, IVF is very costly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Surgery.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">"Ovarian drilling" is a surgery that may increase the
chance of ovulation. It’s sometimes used when a woman does not respond to
fertility medicines. The doctor makes a very small cut above or below the navel
(belly button) and inserts a small tool that acts like a telescope into the
abdomen (stomach). This is called laparoscopy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The doctor then
punctures the ovary with a small needle carrying an electric current to destroy
a small portion of the ovary. This procedure carries a risk of developing scar
tissue on the ovary. This surgery can lower male hormone levels and help with
ovulation. But, these effects may only last a few months. This treatment
doesn't help with loss of scalp hair or increased hair growth on other parts of
the body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Medicine for increased
hair growth or extra male hormones.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Medicines called anti-androgens may reduce hair growth and clear
acne. Spironolactone First used to treat
high blood pressure, has been shown to reduce the impact of male hormones on
hair growth in women. Finasteride A medicine
taken by men for hair loss, has the same effect. Anti-androgens are often
combined with birth control pills. These medications should not be taken
if you are trying to become pregnant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<em><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Before taking
Aldactone, tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Do
not breastfeed while taking this medicine. Women who may become pregnant should
not handle Propecia.</span></b></em><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Other options include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Vaniqa cream
to reduce facial hair<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Laser hair removal or electrolysis to remove hair<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Hormonal treatment to keep new hair from growing<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Other treatments.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Some research has shown that bariatric (weight loss) surgery may
be effective in resolving PCOS in morbidly obese women. Morbid obesity means
having a BMI of more than 40, or a BMI of 35 to 40 with an obesity-related
disease. The drug troglitazone was shown
to help women with PCOS. But, it was taken off the market because it caused
liver problems. Similar drugs without the same side effect are being tested in
small trials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PCOS. To
learn more about current PCOS treatment studies, Talk to your doctor about whether taking part
in a clinical trial might be right for you.</span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">How does PCOS affect a woman while pregnant?</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="i"></a></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS appear
to have higher rates of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Miscarriage<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Gestational diabetes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Pregnancy-induced high blood pressure (</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#preeclampsia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">preeclampsia</span></a>)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Premature delivery<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Babies born to women
with PCOS have a higher risk of spending time in a neonatal intensive care unit
or of dying before, during, or shortly after birth. Most of the time, these
problems occur in multiple-birth babies (twins, triplets).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Researchers are
studying whether the diabetes medicine metformin can prevent or reduce the
chances of having problems while pregnant. Metformin also lowers male hormone
levels and limits weight gain in women who are obese when they get pregnant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Metformin is an FDA
pregnancy category B drug. It does not appear to cause major birth defects or
other problems in pregnant women. But, there have only been a few studies of
metformin use in pregnant women to confirm its safety. Talk to your doctor
about taking metformin if you are pregnant or are trying to become pregnant.
Also, metformin is passed through breastmilk. Talk with your doctor about
metformin use if you are a nursing mother.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="j"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">Does PCOS put women at risk for other health
problems?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS have
greater chances of developing several serious health conditions, including
life-threatening diseases. Recent studies found that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">More than 50 percent of women with PCOS will have
diabetes or pre-diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance) before the age of
40.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">The risk of heart attack is 4 to 7 times higher in
women with PCOS than women of the same age without PCOS.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high
blood pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Women with PCOS have high levels of LDL (bad)
cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Women with PCOS can develop sleep apnea. This is when
breathing stops for short periods of time during sleep.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS may
also develop<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#anxiety_disorder"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anxiety</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#depression"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">depression</span></a>. It is important to talk to your doctor about treatment
for these mental health conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS are also at risk for endometrial cancer.
Irregular menstrual periods and the lack of ovulation cause women to produce
the hormone estrogen, but not the hormone progesterone. Progesterone causes the
endometrium (lining of the womb) to shed each month as a menstrual period.
Without progesterone, the endometrium becomes thick, which can cause heavy or
irregular bleeding. Over time, this can lead to endometrial hyperplasia, when
the lining grows too much, and cancer.</span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="k"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">I have PCOS. What can I do to prevent
complications?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">If you have PCOS, get
your symptoms under control at an earlier age to help reduce your chances of
having complications like diabetes and heart disease. Talk to your doctor about
treating all your symptoms, rather than focusing on just one aspect of your
PCOS, such as problems getting pregnant. Also, talk to your doctor about
getting tested for diabetes regularly. Other steps you can take to lower your
chances of health problems include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Eating right<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Exercising<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Not smoking<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="l"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">How can I cope with the emotional effects of PCOS?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Having PCOS can be
difficult. You may feel:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Embarrassed by your appearance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Worried about being able to get pregnant<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt;">Depressed<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Getting treatment for
PCOS can help with these concerns and help boost your self-esteem. You may also
want to look for support groups in your area or online to help you deal with
the emotional effects of PCOS. You are not alone and there are resources
available for women with PCOS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="returntop">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="c">What are the symptoms of ovarian cysts?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Many ovarian cysts don't cause
symptoms. Others can cause:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pressure, swelling, or pain in the abdomen<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pelvic pain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Dull ache in the lower back and thighs<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Problems passing urine completely<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pain during sex<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Weight gain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pain during your period<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Abnormal bleeding<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Nausea or vomiting<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Breast tenderness<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">If you have these symptoms, get
help right away:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pain with fever and vomiting<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Sudden, severe abdominal pain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Faintness, dizziness, or weakness<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: windowtext;">Rapid breathing</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="d">How are ovarian cysts found?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Doctors most often find ovarian
cysts during routine pelvic exams. The doctor may feel the swelling of a cyst
on the ovary. Once a cyst is found, tests are done to help plan treatment.
Tests include:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">An ultrasound</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. This test uses sound waves to create images of
the body. With an ultrasound, the doctor can see the cyst's:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Shape<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Size<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Location<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Mass — if it is fluid-filled, solid, or mixed<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">A pregnancy test</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. This test may be given to rule out pregnancy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Hormone level tests</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. Hormone levels may be checked to see if there
are hormone-related problems.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">A blood test</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. This test is done to find out if the cyst may
be cancerous. The test measures a substance in the blood called
cancer-antigen 125 (CA-125). The amount of CA-125 is higher with ovarian
cancer. But some ovarian cancers don't make enough CA-125 to be detected
by the test. Some noncancerous diseases also raise CA-125 levels. Those
diseases include<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#u_fibroids"><span style="color: windowtext;">uterine fibroids</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#endometriosis"><span style="color: windowtext;">endometriosis</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. Noncancerous causes of higher CA-125 are more
common in women younger than 35. Ovarian cancer is very rare in this age group.
The CA-125 test is most often given to women who:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Are older than 35<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Are at high risk for ovarian cancer<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: windowtext;">Have a cyst that is partly solid</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="e"> </a>How are cysts
treated?</h2>
<h2>
<o:p></o:p></h2>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Watchful waiting.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">If you have a cyst, you may be told to
wait and have a second exam in 1 to 3 months. Your doctor will check to see if
the cyst has changed in size. This is a common treatment option for women who:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Are in their childbearing years<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Have no symptoms<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Have a fluid-filled cyst<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">It may be an option for
postmenopausal women.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Surgery.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Your doctor may want to remove the cyst if
you are postmenopausal, or if it:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Doesn't go away after several menstrual cycles<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Gets larger<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Looks odd on the ultrasound<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Causes pain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The two main surgeries are:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Laparoscopy</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Done if the cyst
is small and looks benign (noncancerous) on the ultrasound. While you are under
general anesthesia, a very small cut is made above or below your navel. A small
instrument that acts like a telescope is put into your abdomen. Then your
doctor can remove the cyst.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Laparotomy</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Done if the cyst
is large and may be cancerous. While you are under general anesthesia, larger
incisions are made in the stomach to remove the cyst. The cyst is then tested
for cancer. If it is cancerous, the doctor may need to take out the ovary and
other tissues, like the uterus.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>If
only one ovary is taken out, your body is still fertile and can still produce
estrogen.</strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Birth control pills.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">If you keep forming functional cysts, your
doctor may prescribe</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/birth-control-methods.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">birth control</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pills to stop you from ovulating. If you don’t ovulate, you
are less likely to form new cysts. You can also use Depo-Provera®. It is a
hormone that is injected into muscle. It prevents ovulation for 3 months at a
time.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="returntop">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="f">Can ovarian cysts be prevented?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">No, ovarian cysts cannot be
prevented. The good news is that most cysts:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Don't cause symptoms<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Are not cancerous<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Go away on their own<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Talk to your doctor or nurse if
you notice:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Changes in your period<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pain in the pelvic area<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: windowtext;">Any of the major symptoms of cysts</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675" name="g">When are women most likely to have
ovarian cysts?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
Most functional ovarian cysts occur during childbearing years. And most of
those cysts are not cancerous. Women who are past menopause (ages 50–70) with
ovarian cysts have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. At any age, if you think
you have a cyst, see your doctor for a pelvic exam.<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-5557075805687305542013-11-18T08:11:00.001+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.946+00:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2>
<a href="" name="a">What are ovaries?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The ovaries are a pair of organs in the female
reproductive system. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the
uterus. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a baby grows. Each
ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs and
female hormones. Hormones are chemicals that control the way certain cells or
organs function.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Every month, during a woman's
menstrual cycle, an egg grows inside an ovary. It grows in a tiny sac called a
follicle . When an egg matures, the sac breaks open to release the egg. The egg
travels through the fallopian tube to
the uterus for fertilization. Then the sac dissolves. The empty sac becomes
corpus luteum . Corpus luteum makes hormones that help prepare for the next
egg.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The ovaries are the main source
of the female hormones estrogen and
progesterone . <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These hormones affect:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The way breasts and body hair grow<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Body shape<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The menstrual cycle<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pregnancy<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtSyAa5bD95fW-RhWdU0nSMbCJMvd6e-ZfvLPOrYwovpOuK0Qq_wW0WnJVYbCHRV7L0geLPTOSSQAB4p3m_H7VogV7J9vLKXwOsVpoWepabYY41prx2io8ymCr8729E9NS0arpZ2H_Kcn0/s583/f031-001-9780323328340.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="583" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtSyAa5bD95fW-RhWdU0nSMbCJMvd6e-ZfvLPOrYwovpOuK0Qq_wW0WnJVYbCHRV7L0geLPTOSSQAB4p3m_H7VogV7J9vLKXwOsVpoWepabYY41prx2io8ymCr8729E9NS0arpZ2H_Kcn0/w547-h277/f031-001-9780323328340.jpg" width="547" /></a></div><br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div class="returntop">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="" name="b">What are ovarian cysts?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">A cyst is a fluid-filled sac.
They can form anywhere in the body. Ovarian cysts form in or on the ovaries. The most common
type of ovarian cyst is a functional cyst.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Functional cysts often form
during the menstrual cycle. The two types are:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Follicle cysts.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts form when the sac doesn't break open
to release the egg. Then the sac keeps growing. This type of cyst most
often goes away in 1 to 3 months.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Corpus luteum cysts.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts form if the sac doesn't dissolve.
Instead, the sac seals off after the egg is released. Then fluid builds up
inside. Most of these cysts go away after a few weeks. They can grow to
almost 4 inches. They may bleed or twist the ovary and cause pain. They
are rarely cancerous. Some drugs used to cause ovulation, such as Clomid®
or Serophene®, can raise the risk of getting these cysts.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Other types of ovarian cysts
are:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Endometriomas</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts form in women who have endometriosis . This problem
occurs when tissue that looks and acts like the lining of the uterus grows
outside the uterus. The tissue may attach to the ovary and form a growth.
These cysts can be painful during sex and during your period.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cystadenomas</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts form from cells on the outer surface of the ovary.
They are often filled with a watery fluid or thick, sticky gel. They can
become large and cause pain.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Dermoid</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">cysts</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts contain many types of cells. They may be filled with
hair, teeth, and other tissues that become part of the cyst. They can
become large and cause pain.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Polycystic</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">ovaries.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These cysts are caused when eggs mature within the sacs but are
not released. The cycle then repeats. The sacs continue to grow and many
cysts form. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="color: #452a67; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span>What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?</h2><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzzi4s52vVNpqdyBd4r2La-Dlgb6EWKSKxZPKwCqY6ETcexhyFqY_rdoNyHUkiGWxmhXi9RYvqz5qmGyEGp7d1YqkGo-x79xLyptfb39ftQ7OOwkGDPHKuzGwbyiKUd1pWrMNUiFz4rxVo/s512/unnamed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="512" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzzi4s52vVNpqdyBd4r2La-Dlgb6EWKSKxZPKwCqY6ETcexhyFqY_rdoNyHUkiGWxmhXi9RYvqz5qmGyEGp7d1YqkGo-x79xLyptfb39ftQ7OOwkGDPHKuzGwbyiKUd1pWrMNUiFz4rxVo/w529-h297/unnamed.jpg" width="529" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPUaYnGjSiAynTaIQYz6JqX_qLbV9CB67ibqAIOGymTGtzW2Hcb0BQ3I50sWIeF8mbfvADylbWDsZKpeO2ircr7xnBtUElo-uEGYbIUEIdE6pJSVtpEHUGhhtumMlSk97G3tOIJnnBBrY9/s590/image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="590" height="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPUaYnGjSiAynTaIQYz6JqX_qLbV9CB67ibqAIOGymTGtzW2Hcb0BQ3I50sWIeF8mbfvADylbWDsZKpeO2ircr7xnBtUElo-uEGYbIUEIdE6pJSVtpEHUGhhtumMlSk97G3tOIJnnBBrY9/w437-h437/image.jpg" width="437" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem
that can affect a woman's:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Menstrual cycle<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Ability to have children<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Hormones<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Heart<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Blood vessels<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Appearance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">With PCOS, women
typically have:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">High levels of androgens .<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">These are sometimes called male hormones, though
females also make them.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Missed or irregular periods (monthly bleeding)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Many small cysts
(fluid-filled sacs) in their ovaries<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">How many women have PCOS?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Between 1 in 10 and 1
in 20 women of childbearing age has PCOS. As many as 5 million women in the </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">United States</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> may be affected. It
can occur in girls as young as 11 years old.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">What causes PCOS?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The cause of PCOS is
unknown. But most experts think that several factors, including genetics, could
play a role. Women with PCOS are more likely to have a mother or sister with
PCOS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">A main underlying
problem with PCOS is a hormonal imbalance. In women with PCOS, the ovaries make
more androgens than normal. Androgens are male hormones that females also make.
High levels of these hormones affect the development and release of eggs during
ovulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Researchers also think<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#insulin"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">insulin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>may be linked to PCOS. Insulin is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#hormone"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hormone</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>that controls the change of sugar, starches, and other food
into energy for the body to use or store. Many women with PCOS have too much
insulin in their bodies because they have problems using it. Excess insulin
appears to increase production of androgen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">High
androgen levels can lead to:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Acne<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Excessive hair growth<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Weight gain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Problems with</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#ovulation"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ovulation</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">What are the symptoms of PCOS?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The symptoms of PCOS
can vary from woman to woman. Some of the symptoms of PCOS include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Infertility (not able to get pregnant) because of not
ovulating. In fact, PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Infrequent, absent, and/or irregular menstrual
periods<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Hirsutism <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> increased hair growth on the face, chest,
stomach, back, thumbs, or toes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Cysts on the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#ovaries"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ovaries</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Acne, oily skin, or dandruff<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Weight gain or obesity, usually with extra weight
around the waist<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Patches of skin on the neck, arms, breasts, or thighs
that are thick and dark brown or black<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Skin tags — excess flaps of skin in the armpits or
neck area<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Pelvic pain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Anxiety or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#depression"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">depression</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Sleep apnea —<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> when breathing stops for short periods of time
while asleep</span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12pt;">Why do women with PCOS have trouble with their menstrual
cycle and fertility?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The ovaries, where a
woman’s eggs are produced, have tiny fluid-filled sacs called follicles or
cysts. As the egg grows, the follicle builds up fluid. When the egg matures,
the follicle breaks open, the egg is released, and the egg travels through the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#fallopian"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fallopian
tube</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to the uterus (womb) for fertilization. This is called
ovulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">In women with PCOS, the
ovary doesn't make all of the hormones it needs for an egg to fully mature. The
follicles may start to grow and build up fluid but ovulation does not occur.
Instead, some follicles may remain as cysts. For these reasons, ovulation does
not occur and the hormone progesterone is not made. Without progesterone, a
woman's menstrual cycle is irregular or absent. Plus, the ovaries make male
hormones, which also prevent ovulation.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt; text-align: left;"><b>Does PCOS change at menopause?</b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Yes and no. PCOS
affects many systems in the body. So, many symptoms may persist even though
ovarian function and hormone levels change as a woman nears<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#menopause"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">menopause</span></a>. For instance, excessive hair growth continues, and
male-pattern baldness or thinning hair gets worse after menopause. Also, the
risks of complications (health problems) from PCOS, such as heart attack,
stroke, and diabetes, increase as a woman gets older.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="color: #452a67; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span>How do I know if I have PCOS?</h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">There is no single test
to diagnose PCOS. Your doctor will take the following steps to find out if you
have PCOS or if something else is causing your symptoms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Medical history.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor will ask about your menstrual periods, weight changes,
and other symptoms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Physical exam.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor will want to measure your blood pressure,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#bmi"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">body mass
index (BMI)</span></a>, and waist size. He or she
also will check the areas of increased hair growth. You should try to allow the
natural hair to grow for a few days before the visit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Pelvic exam.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor might want to check to see if your ovaries are
enlarged or swollen by the increased number of small cysts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Blood tests.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor may check the androgen hormone and glucose (sugar)
levels in your blood.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Vaginal ultrasound
(sonogram).</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Your doctor may perform
a test that uses sound waves to take pictures of the pelvic area. It might be
used to examine your ovaries for cysts and check the endometrium
(en-do-MEE-tree-uhm) (lining of the womb). This lining may become thicker if
your periods are not regular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<a href="" name="h"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">How is PCOS treated?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Because there is no
cure for PCOS, it needs to be managed to prevent problems. Treatment goals are
based on your symptoms, whether or not you want to become pregnant, and
lowering your chances of getting heart disease and diabetes. Many women will
need a combination of treatments to meet these goals. Some treatments for PCOS
include<strong>:</strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Lifestyle modification.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Many women with PCOS are overweight or obese, which can cause
health problems. You can help manage your PCOS by eating healthy and exercising
to keep your weight at a healthy level. Healthy eating tips include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Limiting processed foods and foods with added sugars<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Adding more whole-grain products, fruits, vegetables,
and lean meats to your diet<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">This helps to lower
blood glucose (sugar) levels, improve the body's use of insulin, and normalize
hormone levels in your body. Even a 10 percent loss in body weight can restore
a normal period and make your cycle more regular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Birth control pills.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">For women who don't want to get pregnant,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/birth-control-methods.html"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">birth control</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pills can:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Control menstrual cycles<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Reduce male hormone levels<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Help to clear acne<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Keep in mind that the
menstrual cycle will become abnormal again if the pill is stopped. Women may
also think about taking a pill that only has<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#progesterone"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">progesterone</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>, like
Provera, to control the menstrual cycle and reduce the risk of endometrial
cancer (See<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/polycystic-ovary-syndrome.html#j"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Does PCOS put
women at risk for other health problems?</span></a>). But, progesterone alone
does not help reduce acne and hair growth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Diabetes medications.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The medicine metformin (Glucophage) is used to treat type 2
diabetes. It has also been found to help with PCOS symptoms, though it isn’t
approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this use. Metformin
affects the way insulin controls blood glucose (sugar) and lowers testosterone
production. It slows the growth of abnormal hair and, after a few months of
use, may help ovulation to return. Recent research has shown metformin to have
other positive effects, such as decreased body mass and improved cholesterol
levels. Metformin will not cause a person to become diabetic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Fertility medications.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Lack of ovulation is usually the reason for fertility problems in
women with PCOS. Several medications that stimulate ovulation can help women
with PCOS become pregnant. Even so, other reasons for infertility in both the
woman and man should be ruled out before fertility medications are used. Also,
some fertility medications increase the risk for multiple births (twins,
triplets). Treatment options include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Clomiphene <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The first choice
therapy to stimulate ovulation for most patients.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Metformin taken with clomiphene — may be tried if
clomiphene alone fails. The combination may help women with PCOS ovulate
on lower doses of medication.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Gonadotropins <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 22.5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Given as shots, but are
more expensive and raise the risk of multiple births compared to clomiphene.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Another option is in
vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF offers the best chance of becoming pregnant in
any given cycle. It also gives doctors better control over the chance of
multiple births. But, IVF is very costly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Surgery.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">"Ovarian drilling" is a surgery that may increase the
chance of ovulation. It’s sometimes used when a woman does not respond to
fertility medicines. The doctor makes a very small cut above or below the navel
(belly button) and inserts a small tool that acts like a telescope into the
abdomen (stomach). This is called laparoscopy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The doctor then
punctures the ovary with a small needle carrying an electric current to destroy
a small portion of the ovary. This procedure carries a risk of developing scar
tissue on the ovary. This surgery can lower male hormone levels and help with
ovulation. But, these effects may only last a few months. This treatment
doesn't help with loss of scalp hair or increased hair growth on other parts of
the body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Medicine for increased
hair growth or extra male hormones.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Medicines called anti-androgens may reduce hair growth and clear
acne. Spironolactone First used to treat
high blood pressure, has been shown to reduce the impact of male hormones on
hair growth in women. Finasteride A medicine
taken by men for hair loss, has the same effect. Anti-androgens are often
combined with birth control pills. These medications should not be taken
if you are trying to become pregnant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<em><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Before taking
Aldactone, tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Do
not breastfeed while taking this medicine. Women who may become pregnant should
not handle Propecia.</span></b></em><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Other options include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Vaniqa cream
to reduce facial hair<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Laser hair removal or electrolysis to remove hair<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Hormonal treatment to keep new hair from growing<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Other treatments.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Some research has shown that bariatric (weight loss) surgery may
be effective in resolving PCOS in morbidly obese women. Morbid obesity means
having a BMI of more than 40, or a BMI of 35 to 40 with an obesity-related
disease. The drug troglitazone was shown
to help women with PCOS. But, it was taken off the market because it caused
liver problems. Similar drugs without the same side effect are being tested in
small trials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PCOS. To
learn more about current PCOS treatment studies, Talk to your doctor about whether taking part
in a clinical trial might be right for you.</span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<a href="" name="i"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">How does PCOS affect a woman while pregnant?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS appear
to have higher rates of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Miscarriage<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Gestational diabetes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Pregnancy-induced high blood pressure (</span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#preeclampsia"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">preeclampsia</span></a>)</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Premature delivery<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Babies born to women
with PCOS have a higher risk of spending time in a neonatal intensive care unit
or of dying before, during, or shortly after birth. Most of the time, these
problems occur in multiple-birth babies (twins, triplets).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Researchers are
studying whether the diabetes medicine metformin can prevent or reduce the
chances of having problems while pregnant. Metformin also lowers male hormone
levels and limits weight gain in women who are obese when they get pregnant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Metformin is an FDA
pregnancy category B drug. It does not appear to cause major birth defects or
other problems in pregnant women. But, there have only been a few studies of
metformin use in pregnant women to confirm its safety. Talk to your doctor
about taking metformin if you are pregnant or are trying to become pregnant.
Also, metformin is passed through breastmilk. Talk with your doctor about
metformin use if you are a nursing mother.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<a href="" name="j"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">Does PCOS put women at risk for other health
problems?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS have
greater chances of developing several serious health conditions, including
life-threatening diseases. Recent studies found that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">More than 50 percent of women with PCOS will have
diabetes or pre-diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance) before the age of
40.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">The risk of heart attack is 4 to 7 times higher in
women with PCOS than women of the same age without PCOS.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high
blood pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS have high levels of LDL (bad)
cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS can develop sleep apnea. This is when
breathing stops for short periods of time during sleep.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS may
also develop<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#anxiety_disorder"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anxiety</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#depression"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">depression</span></a>. It is important to talk to your doctor about treatment
for these mental health conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Women with PCOS are also at risk for endometrial cancer.
Irregular menstrual periods and the lack of ovulation cause women to produce
the hormone estrogen, but not the hormone progesterone. Progesterone causes the
endometrium (lining of the womb) to shed each month as a menstrual period.
Without progesterone, the endometrium becomes thick, which can cause heavy or
irregular bleeding. Over time, this can lead to endometrial hyperplasia, when
the lining grows too much, and cancer.</span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<a href="" name="k"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">I have PCOS. What can I do to prevent
complications?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">If you have PCOS, get
your symptoms under control at an earlier age to help reduce your chances of
having complications like diabetes and heart disease. Talk to your doctor about
treating all your symptoms, rather than focusing on just one aspect of your
PCOS, such as problems getting pregnant. Also, talk to your doctor about
getting tested for diabetes regularly. Other steps you can take to lower your
chances of health problems include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Eating right<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Exercising<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Not smoking<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; margin: 30pt 0in 7.5pt;">
<a href="" name="l"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.5pt;">How can I cope with the emotional effects of PCOS?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Having PCOS can be
difficult. You may feel:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Embarrassed by your appearance<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Worried about being able to get pregnant<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Depressed<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt;">Getting treatment for
PCOS can help with these concerns and help boost your self-esteem. You may also
want to look for support groups in your area or online to help you deal with
the emotional effects of PCOS. You are not alone and there are resources
available for women with PCOS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="returntop">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="" name="c">What are the symptoms of ovarian cysts?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Many ovarian cysts don't cause
symptoms. Others can cause:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pressure, swelling, or pain in the abdomen<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pelvic pain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Dull ache in the lower back and thighs<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Problems passing urine completely<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pain during sex<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Weight gain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pain during your period<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Abnormal bleeding<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Nausea or vomiting<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Breast tenderness<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">If you have these symptoms, get
help right away:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pain with fever and vomiting<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Sudden, severe abdominal pain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Faintness, dizziness, or weakness<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span color="windowtext">Rapid breathing</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<a href="" name="d">How are ovarian cysts found?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Doctors most often find ovarian
cysts during routine pelvic exams. The doctor may feel the swelling of a cyst
on the ovary. Once a cyst is found, tests are done to help plan treatment.
Tests include:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">An ultrasound</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. This test uses sound waves to create images of
the body. With an ultrasound, the doctor can see the cyst's:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Shape<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Size<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Location<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Mass — if it is fluid-filled, solid, or mixed<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">A pregnancy test</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. This test may be given to rule out pregnancy.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Hormone level tests</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. Hormone levels may be checked to see if there
are hormone-related problems.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">A blood test</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. This test is done to find out if the cyst may
be cancerous. The test measures a substance in the blood called
cancer-antigen 125 (CA-125). The amount of CA-125 is higher with ovarian
cancer. But some ovarian cancers don't make enough CA-125 to be detected
by the test. Some noncancerous diseases also raise CA-125 levels. Those
diseases include<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#u_fibroids"><span color="windowtext">uterine fibroids</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/index.html#endometriosis"><span color="windowtext">endometriosis</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">. Noncancerous causes of higher CA-125 are more
common in women younger than 35. Ovarian cancer is very rare in this age group.
The CA-125 test is most often given to women who:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Are older than 35<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Are at high risk for ovarian cancer<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span color="windowtext">Have a cyst that is partly solid</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2>
<a href="" name="e"> </a></h2>
<h2>
<o:p> </o:p></h2>
<h2>
<o:p> </o:p></h2>
<h2>
<o:p> </o:p></h2>
<h2>
How are cysts
treated?<o:p></o:p></h2>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Watchful waiting.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">If you have a cyst, you may be told to
wait and have a second exam in 1 to 3 months. Your doctor will check to see if
the cyst has changed in size. This is a common treatment option for women who:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Are in their childbearing years<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Have no symptoms<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Have a fluid-filled cyst<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">It may be an option for
postmenopausal women.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Surgery.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Your doctor may want to remove the cyst if
you are postmenopausal, or if it:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Doesn't go away after several menstrual cycles<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Gets larger<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Looks odd on the ultrasound<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Causes pain<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The two main surgeries are:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Laparoscopy</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Done if the cyst
is small and looks benign (noncancerous) on the ultrasound. While you are under
general anesthesia, a very small cut is made above or below your navel. A small
instrument that acts like a telescope is put into your abdomen. Then your
doctor can remove the cyst.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Laparotomy</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Done if the cyst
is large and may be cancerous. While you are under general anesthesia, larger
incisions are made in the stomach to remove the cyst. The cyst is then tested
for cancer. If it is cancerous, the doctor may need to take out the ovary and
other tissues, like the uterus.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>If
only one ovary is taken out, your body is still fertile and can still produce
estrogen.</strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Birth control pills.</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">If you keep forming functional cysts, your
doctor may prescribe</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/birth-control-methods.html"><span color="windowtext">birth control</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pills to stop you from ovulating. If you don’t ovulate, you
are less likely to form new cysts. You can also use Depo-Provera®. It is a
hormone that is injected into muscle. It prevents ovulation for 3 months at a
time.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="returntop">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="" name="f">Can ovarian cysts be prevented?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">No, ovarian cysts cannot be
prevented. The good news is that most cysts:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Don't cause symptoms<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Are not cancerous<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Go away on their own<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Talk to your doctor or nurse if
you notice:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Changes in your period<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pain in the pelvic area<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span color="windowtext">Any of the major symptoms of cysts</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<a href="" name="g">When are women most likely to have
ovarian cysts?</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
Most functional ovarian cysts occur during childbearing years. And most of
those cysts are not cancerous. Women who are past menopause (ages 50–70) with
ovarian cysts have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. At any age, if you think
you have a cyst, see your doctor for a pelvic exam.<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-78342445249045257452012-11-01T08:18:00.003+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.959+00:00My Services <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="TitleChar"><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">The Institute of
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<span class="TitleChar"><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">ULTRASOUND TRAINING PROGRAMME<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">Training
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com2Noorpur,Milat Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan31.4558039 73.0997294999999675.9337693999999992 31.791135499999967 56.977838399999996 114.40832349999997tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-60940979688087572302012-10-17T09:12:00.002+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.969+00:00BASIC PHYSIC OF ULTRASOUND<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0.6em 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Basic Physics Of Ultrasound</span></b></h2>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0.6em 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Definition</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Ultrasound is the term used to describe sound of frequencies above 20 000 Hertz (Hz),</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">beyond the range of human hearing. Frequencies of 1–30 megahertz (MHz) are typical </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">for diagnostic ultrasound.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Diagnostic ultrasound imaging depends on the computerized analysis of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">reflected ultrasound waves, which non-invasively build up fine images of internal </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">body structures. The resolution attainable is higher with shorter wavelengths, with the </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">wavelength being inversely proportional to the frequency. However, the use of high </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">frequencies is limited by their greater attenuation (loss of signal strength) in tissue </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">and thus shorter depth of penetration. For this reason, different ranges of frequency </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">are used for examination of different parts of the body:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> ■ 3–5 MHz for abdominal areas</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> ■ 5–10 MHz for small and superficial parts and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> ■ 10–30 MHz for the skin or the eyes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0.6em 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Generation of ultrasound</span></b></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Piezoelectric crystals or materials are able to convert mechanical pressure </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">(which causes alterations in their thickness) into electrical voltage on their surface </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">(the piezoelectric effect). Conversely, voltage applied to the opposite sides of a piezoelectric </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">material causes an alteration in its thickness (the indirect or reciprocal piezoelectric </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">effect). If the applied electric voltage is alternating, it induces oscillations which are </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">transmitted as ultrasound waves into the surrounding medium. The piezoelectric </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">crystal, therefore, serves as a transducer, which converts electrical energy into </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">mechanical energy and vice versa. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Ultrasound transducers are usually made of thin discs of an artificial ceramic </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">material such as lead zirconate titanate. The thickness (usually 0.1–1 mm) determines </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">the ultrasound frequency. The basic design of a plain transducer is shown in </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">most diagnostic applications, ultrasound is emitted in extremely short pulses as </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">a narrow beam comparable to that of a flashlight. When not emitting a pulse (as much </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">as 99% of the time), the same piezoelectric crystal can act as a receiver.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"> Properties of ultrasound</span></b></h2>
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Sound is a vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid or gas as mechanical pressure waves that carry kinetic energy. A medium must therefore be present for the propagation of these waves. The type of waves depends on the medium. Ultrasound propagates in a fluid or gas as longitudinal waves, in which the particles of the medium vibrate to and fro along the direction of propagation, alternately compressing and rarefying the material. In solids such as bone, ultrasound can be transmitted as both longitudinal and transverse waves; in the latter case, the particles move perpendicularly to the direction of propagation. The velocity of sound depends on the density and compressibility of the medium. In pure water, it is 1492 m/s (20 °C), for example. The relationship between</div>
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frequency (f ), velocity (c) and wavelength (λ) is given by the relationship: As it does in water, ultrasound propagates in soft tissue as longitudinal waves, with an average velocity of around 1540 m/s (fatty tissue, 1470 m/s; muscle, 1570 m/s). The construction of images with ultrasound is based on the measurement of distances,</div>
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which relies on this almost constant propagation velocity. The velocity in bone (ca.3600 m/s) and cartilage is, however, much higher and can create misleading effects in images, referred to as artefacts (see below).</div>
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The wavelength of ultrasound influences the resolution of the images that can be obtained; the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength and the better the resolution. However, attenuation is also greater at higher frequencies. The kinetic energy of sound waves is transformed into heat (thermal energy) in the medium when sound waves are absorbed. The use of ultrasound for thermotherapy was the first use of ultrasound in medicine.</div>
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Energy is lost as the wave overcomes the natural resistance of the particles in the medium to displacement, i.e. the viscosity of the medium. Thus, absorption increases with the viscosity of the medium and contributes to the attenuation of the ultrasound beam. Absorption increases with the frequency of the ultrasound. Bone absorbs ultrasound much more than soft tissue, so that, in general, ultrasound is suitable for examining only the surfaces of bones. Ultrasound energy cannot reach the areas behind bones. Therefore, ultrasound images show a black zone behind bones, called an acoustic shadow, if the frequencies used are not very low Reflection, scattering, diffraction and refraction (all well-known optical phenomena) are also forms of interaction between ultrasound and the medium. Together with absorption, they cause attenuation of an ultrasound beam on its way through the medium. The total attenuation in a medium is expressed in terms of the distance within the medium at which the intensity of ultrasound is reduced to 50% of its initial level, called the ‘half-value thickness’.</div>
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In soft tissue, attenuation by absorption is approximately 0.5 decibels (dB) per centimetre of tissue and per megahertz. Attenuation limits the depth at which examination with ultrasound of a certain frequency is possible; this distance is called the ‘penetration depth’. In this connection, it should be noted that the reflected ultrasound</div>
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echoes also have to pass back out through the same tissue to be detected. Energy loss suffered by distant reflected echoes must be compensated for in the processing of the signal by the ultrasound unit using echo gain techniques ((depth gain compensation (DGC) or time gain compensation (TGC)) to construct an image with homogeneous density over the varying depth of penetration Reflection and refraction occur at acoustic boundaries (interfaces), in much the same way as they do in optics. Refraction is the change of direction that a beam</div>
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undergoes when it passes from one medium to another. Acoustic interfaces exist between media with different acoustic properties. The acoustic properties of a medium are quantified in terms of its acoustic impedance, which is a measure of the degree to which the medium impedes the motion that constitutes the sound wave. The acoustic impedance (z) depends on the density (d) of the medium and the sound velocity (c) in the medium, as shown in the expression: The difference between the acoustic impedance of different biological tissues and organs is very small. Therefore, only a very small fraction of the ultrasound pulse is reflected, and most of the energy is transmitted.This is a precondition for the construction of ultrasound images by analysing echoes from successive reflectors at different depths. The greater the difference in acoustic impedance between two media, the higher the fraction of the ultrasound energy that is reflected at their interface and the higher the</div>
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attenuation of the transmitted part. Reflection at a smooth boundary that has a diameter greater than that of the ultrasound beam is called ‘specular reflection.Air and gas reflect almost the entire energy of an ultrasound pulse arriving through a tissue. Therefore, an acoustic shadow is seen behind gas bubbles. For this reason, ultrasound is not suitable for examining tissues containing air, such as the healthy lungs. For the same reason, a coupling agent is necessary to eliminate air between the transducer and the skin. The boundaries of tissues, including organ surfaces and vessel walls, are not smooth, but are seen as ‘rough’ by the ultrasound beam, i.e. there are irregularities at a scale similar to the wavelength of the ultrasound. These interfaces cause nonspecular reflections,known as back-scattering,over a large angle.Some of these reflections will reach the transducer and contribute to the construction of the image A similar effect is seen with very small reflectors, those whose diameters are similar to that of the wavelength of the ultrasound beam. These reflectors are called<span style="font-size: x-small;"> scattering’. They reflect (scatter) ultrasound over a wide range of angles,</span></div>
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<code><a href="#">Keywords:-</a></code><br />
<span class=SEO>Basics, Physic, Physics, Basic, Ultrasound, Services, Trainings, Tech, International, Online, Classes, Lessons, Chapters, Waves, Radiology, Study, Books, Info, Information, Pakistan, International, Number , #, 1, </span>
Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-67371339059790224552012-10-15T08:53:00.003+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.981+00:002ND CONGRESS ON ULTRASONOGRAPHY <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Dr Javaid Iqbal Warsi. Dr Mashhood Aslam Dar .Dr M Habibullah Anjum Dr Naveed Zaib</b></div>
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Dr Ishfaq Shakeel .Hakeem Abdullah Akram Gondal</div>
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Dr Javaid Iqbal Warsi </div>
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Prof.Dr.M.Habibullah Anjum & Dr Sabtain Ali </div>
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Dr Javaid Iqbal Warsi & Dr M Habibullah Anjum</div>
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Azeem ullah Azam </div>
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Talha Habib<br />
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Prof.Dr.M.Habibullah Anjum With Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad <br />
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Prof.Dr.M.Habibullah Anjum With Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad <br />
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Dr Tariq Javaid DHO .Dr Sabtain Ali .Dr Naveed Zaib Dr Mashhood Aslam Dar <br />
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Prof.Dr.M.Habibullah Anjum .Dr Tariq Javaid DHO. Dr Sabtain Ali .Dr Navaid Zaib <br />
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Prof.Dr.Mashhood Asalam Dar .Director Danish Medical College Sheikhupura<br />
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Hamid ullah Anjum Sahib (Father of Prof.Dr.M.Habibullah Anjum ) Speech To Student<br />
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Janab Dr Tariq Javiad DHO Faisalabad .. Dr Ashfaq shakeel<br />
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Dr Ashfaq Shakeel Receive The Award From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Kashif Naveed Receive the Award From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Tabasam Naseem Receive The Award From Dr Tariq Javiad DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Navaid Zaib Vice Chairman MCB Main Branch Trade Center Faisalabad.<br />
Director Allied Homoeopathic Medical College Okara Speech To Student<br />
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Dr Amjid Islam Amjid Receive The Award From Dr Tariq Javiad DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr /Hakeem Abdullah Gondal Receive The Award From Dr Tariq Javiad DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Parveen Receive The Award From Dr Tariq Javiad DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Naheed Akhter Receive The Award From Dr Tariq Javiad DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Prof.Dr.Mashhood Asalm Dar Present The Award to Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabd<br />
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Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabd Present The Award to Dr Navaid Zaib<br />
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Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabd Present The Award to Dr Sibtain Ali<br />
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Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabd Present The Award to Riaz ul Haq Chishti<br />
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Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabd Present The Award to Dr Javaid Iqbal Warsi<br />
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Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabd Present The Award to Dr Anilla<br />
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Prof.Dr.M.Habibullah Anjum Present The Award to Prof.Dr.Mashhood Aslam Dar<br />
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Dr Alamgir Receive The Award From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Robina Kousar Receive The Award From Dr Tariq Javiad DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Ashfaq Shakeel Receive The Certificate From Prof.Dr.Mashhood Aslam Dar<br />
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Dr Kashif Naveed Receive The Certificate From Prof.Dr.Mashhood Aslam Dar<br />
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Dr Tabasam Naseem Receive The Certificate From Prof.Dr.Mashhood Aslam Dar<br />
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Dr Robina Kousar Receive The Certificate From Prof.Dr.Mashhood Aslam Dar<br />
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Riaz ul Haq Chishti Receive The Certificate From Prof.Dr.Mashhood Aslam Dar<br />
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Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad Speech to Student<br />
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Dr Ashfaq Shakeel Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Kashif Naveed Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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DrTabasam Naseem Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Robina Kousar Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Alamgir Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Amjid Islam Amjid Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr/Hakeem Abdullah Gondal Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Parveen Akhter Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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Dr Naheed Akhter Receive The Ultrasound Deploma From Dr Tariq Javaid DHO Faisalabad<br />
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DR TARIQ JAVAID DHO FAISALABAD SPEECH TO STUDENT<br />
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PROF.DR.M.HABIBULLAH ANJUM SPEECH TO STUDENT<br />
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Prof.Dr.M.Habibullah Anjum & Dr Javaid Iqbal Warsi<br />
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Dr Sibtain Ali , Dr Mashhood Aslam Dar & Dr Javaid Iqbal Warsi<br />
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Prof Dr M Habibulla Anjum During Lacture<br />
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MR AMJED RAZA FROM SIALKOOT<br />
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<code><a href="#">Keywords:-</a></code><br />
<span class=SEO>2, 2nd, Congress, Ultrasonolography, Ultrasonolographic, Usg, Ultrasound, Services, Trainings, Tech, International, Online, Classes, Lessons, Chapters, Waves, Radiology, Study, Books, Info, Information, Pakistan, International, Number , #, 1, </span>
Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-59257755201825422472011-12-29T08:51:00.001+00:002020-12-05T12:51:38.992+00:00Borderline Ovarian Cancer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;"><b>Borderline Ovarian Cancer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</script> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" name="01"></a>Introduction</b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" id="Introduction" name="Introduction"></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">Borderline ovarian tumors are a subset of epithelial ovarian tumors that have a very favorable prognosis. The accepted initial treatment is surgical removal of the tumor and biopsies. However, the postoperative management protocol is far from clear. To date, no medical therapy has been shown to clearly improve outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" name="0101"></a>History of the Procedure<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" id="IntroductionHistoryoftheProcedure" name="IntroductionHistoryoftheProcedure"></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">In 1929, </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">Taylor</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;"> first described a subset of ovarian tumors that he termed <span class="SpellE">semimalignant</span>. These lesions had a more favorable outcome than other ovarian cancers, but they were not separately classified by the <a href="http://www.figo.org/" target="_blank"><span class="Hyperlink96">Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)</span></a> and the <a href="file:///E:/usg%20files/obs/%20http:/www.who.int/home-page/" target="_blank"><span class="Hyperlink96">World Health Organization (WHO)</span></a> until the early 1970s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" name="0105"></a>Frequency</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" id="IntroductionFrequency" name="IntroductionFrequency"></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">One woman in 55 (1.8%) develops some form of ovarian cancer in her lifetime. Approximately 90% of these cancers are tumors of epithelial origin. If benign lesions are included, epithelial tumors account for 60% of all ovarian tumors.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 13.5pt;">Borderline tumors comprise approximately 15% of all epithelial ovarian tumors. The mean age of occurrence is approximately 10 years younger than that of women with frankly malignant ovarian cancer. Factors reportedly linked with borderline tumors include oral contraceptive use, menarche, age at first pregnancy, age at first delivery, menstrual history, smoking, and family history of ovarian cancer, although none of these has been shown to be statistically significant.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 13.5pt;">In </span><st1:country -region="-region" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt;"><st1:place><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">Sweden</span></st1:place></st1:country><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 13.5pt;">, the incidence of borderline tumors may be increasing. Over the last 45 years the reported incidence in </span><st1:country -region="-region" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt;"><st1:place><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">Sweden</span></st1:place></st1:country><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 13.5pt;"> has increased from 1 to 5.3 per 100,000 women years. The authors suggest this may be due to diagnostic activity and not an increasing actual incidence in pathology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">Borderline ovarian cancer is staged according to the FIGO classification of ovarian cancer. Many clinicians group stages II-IV together for prognostic consideration. Another common component of staging is the description of the type of implants, as these have significant prognostic value. As opposed to its true malignant counterpart, epithelial ovarian carcinoma, borderline ovarian cancers are often found at early stages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" name="0102"></a>Etiology</b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" id="IntroductionEtiology" name="IntroductionEtiology"></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">The etiology of this disease remains unclear because of the small number of cases and the lack of randomized controlled studies. Based on molecular <span class="GramE">studies</span>, some <span class="SpellE">mucinous</span> borderline tumors of the ovary may actually represent metastasis from the appendix.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" name="0104"></a><span class="SpellE">Pathophysiology</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" id="IntroductionPathophysiology" name="IntroductionPathophysiology"></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">The 2 major <span class="SpellE">histologic</span> tumor subtypes are serous and <span class="SpellE">mucinous</span>, with serous being more common. Serous tumors are presumed to originate from the germinal epithelium. <span class="SpellE">Mucinous</span> tumors do not have a clearly defined origin. Substantial information indicates that many tumors may actually originate from the appendix; thus, this organ should be removed at time of surgery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" name="0112"></a>Presentation</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" id="IntroductionClinical" name="IntroductionClinical"></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">These tumors, as with other ovarian tumors, are difficult to detect clinically until they are advanced in size or stage. In one study, the most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, increasing girth or abdominal distension, and abdominal mass. Approximately 23% of patients were asymptomatic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" name="03"></a>Indications</b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" id="Indications" name="Indications"></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">When a complex ovarian mass is discovered, surgery is often, if not always, indicated. Preoperatively, borderline tumors are often presumed to be either benign or malignant ovarian masses; regardless, surgery is required to determine the type of mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" name="05"></a>Contraindications</b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1925685005649579675&postID=5925775520182542247" id="Contraindications" name="Contraindications"></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt;">Contraindications to surgery include medical reasons (<span class="SpellE">ie</span>, the patient is too great a surgical risk secondary to other medical problems) or patient refusal. Otherwise, the masses should be surgically removed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-73194081218789145192010-01-12T13:16:00.009+00:002020-12-05T12:51:39.003+00:00INSTITUTE OF ULTRAOSUND TRAINING,FAISALABAD.PAKISTAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-36014385417361781172009-12-10T15:16:00.003+00:002020-12-05T12:51:39.013+00:00Spleen<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">• SPLEENOMEGALLY </span></b></div>
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After visualize full spleen with all its lower corners make measured of the spleen longitude that is the length of the spleen and vertically that is width of the spleen the normally spleen index in adult less then 45 cm L / W . And children the spleen index less then 30 cm L / W . The spleen index in adults it more then forth five 45 cm it means spleen in large and spleenomegally is there similarly is the spleenomegaly in children more then 30 cm spleenomegally also present .<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Spleen Abscess </b></span><br />
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• A rounded distended in visualization make on the spleen surface giving and an echoic image of puss is the spleen abscess present on spleen (just like liver abscess)<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Spleen Cyst</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
• A hydrated cyst present on the spleen surface is a spleen cyst ultra sono graphically we can see easily an echoic image with well defined rounded border an echoic shadow of the cyst indicates the present fluid in the cyst this is spleen cyst <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Spleen vein Thrombosis </span></b><br />
<br />
• On visualization of pancreases over first attempt is an will be to visualize and echoic spleen vein laying parallel to pancreas and in the cross section of the human body check the spleen vein clearly from this origin to it inversion any abstraction in the spleen vein like spleen thrombosis can early be seen which will be hyper echoic in this way hyper echoic spot in the an echoic spleen way is the spleen way thrombosis with color dropper U.S . Machine the obstruction in the spleen vein blood flow much more easily visualization</div>
<code><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1925685005649579675#">Keywords:-</a></code><br />
<span class="SEO">Spleen, Anatomy, System, Ultrasound, Services, Trainings, Tech, International, Online, Classes, Lessons, Chapters, Waves, Radiology, Study, Books, Info, Information, Pakistan, International, Number , #, 1, </span>
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-82458451761976500542009-12-10T15:12:00.002+00:002020-12-05T12:51:39.022+00:00Kidney<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">KIDNEYS</span></b></div>
<br />
• The right kidney is best examined in the supine position three the liner angel the transducer (Probe Obliquely) Until we have the image of the right kidney a cornel and lateral approached can also be used if the liver is small bowel gases obscure .The visualization of lower pole it may be necessary to role the patient into the right side up position<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Lt.Kidney</span></b><br />
• Begin with the patient in the Lt,side up position with the patients Lt,arm extended over his or her head and using a cornel approach vary the Lt, side up and oblique position until you can see the kidney<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Size of Kidney</span></b><br />
The normal adult kidney as measured by ultra sound is between 8 to 13 cm in length and about 5 cm in width <br />
• Kidney have a convex later edge and a concave medial edge <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Pathology of Kidney </span></b><br />
Small and stage kidney with and stage kidney diseased both kidneys are small 5 to 8 cm in length but renal sinus echo's are visible there is renal parenchyma is usually shrunken focal loss of parenchyma indicates chronic nefritis.The renal parenchyma may show evidence of increased echogensity however if only one kidney is small and diseased the kidney may be extremely small infects the kidney may be almost impossible to visualized even though the patient is a symptomatic and echoganic center and some renal parenchyma will still be visible<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Renal Calculus or calculi or Stone</b></span><br />
<br />
• These may be as following a single or simple calculus. This type of calculus are single in no sono graphically we can see a very bright hyper echoeic nature image in the pelvictation system of the kidney in the size of calculus is less then 3mm it will no produce posterior shadowing but when the size is more then 5mm it will produce shadowing posterior<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Multiple Calculi </span></b><br />
• These are multiple in size of more then 5mm it produce shadowing posterior <br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">• Stage Horn Calculs </span></b><br />
As indicated from the name these renal calculus as like a stage horn structure is irregular .we can see an irregular structure which is hyper echoic sparklingly bright producing shadow posterior</div>
<code><a href="#">Keywords:-</a></code><br />
<span class=SEO>Kidney, Liver, Ultrasound, Services, Trainings, Tech, International, Online, Classes, Lessons, Chapters, Waves, Radiology, Study, Books, Info, Information, Pakistan, International, Number , #, 1, </span>
Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-20217393325468238522009-12-10T15:07:00.001+00:002020-12-05T12:51:39.031+00:00Gall Bladder<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">GALL BLADDER </span></b></div>
<br />
• The Gall Bladder is situated on the inferior aspect of the liver, medial and interior to the kidney and lateral and interior to the I.V.C Its is a tear shape and varies in size .The Gall Bladder may contain a kink close to the neck it is divided to the fundus the body and the neck<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">PREPRATION OF THE PATIENT</span></b><br />
<br />
• For the visualization of Gall Bladder in a patient it must be full distended. The Gall Bladder will only be fully distended when the patient is hungry.<br />
• The Gall Bladder is cystic cavities, which contain bile salt, oblique in nature and sono graphically anechoic. Therefore its pathology can only be rule out when it is in full distended but when it is not fully riled we are not able to see the inner side of the gall bladder and in this way we may missed all of its pathology even the stone <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">PATHOLOGY OF THE GALL BLADDER (GALL STONE )</span></b><br />
<br />
• Gall stones are seen with acute and chronic cholecystitis but may bee found in symptoms of patient as well there may be six different sono graphically appearances<br />
• (A). Gall stone & shadowing if the stone is >2.5mm a stone surrounded by bile appear as a dense echogenic structure within fluidIf a stone is 3.5mm in size the shadow will appear to posterior to gall stone<br />
• (B) Gall stone with out shadowing small stones may not be associated & shadowing.<br />
• (C) Gravels if may small stones are present they will layer out in the most depended portion of the gall bladder .It is impossible to discern each separate stones Along the posterior aspect of gall bladder shadowing may or may not be seen <br />
• (D) Gall Debris some time when the gall bladder contain many stone and muddy martial , no echo free bile can be seen around them a mud or debris riled in the gall bladder situation is seen <br />
• (E) Stone on fluid level Occasionally stone float and will be seen on the fluid level with in the gall bladder the stones appears singly or as an echoginictive <br />
• (F) Adherent stones small adherent stones may appear as echoic in gall bladder will out shadowing . <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">GALL BLADDER WALL OEDEMA </span></b><br />
<br />
• As we know G.B must always be examined sono graphically when it is fully distended. Normally full distended gall bladder wall thickness is not measure able but when there is gall bladder wall oedema present we can easily measured its thickness. <br />
• The same situation is present when GB is not fully distended or when gall bladder is shrunken .It means that when GB is partially filled .its wall gives thickness which can be measurable<br />
• This measure able wall thickness is not any pathological condition but may be a normal we are not able to rule out the gall bladder wall oedema with out its distention.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">CHOLESTEROL DEPOSITION IN GALL BLADDER</span></b><br />
<br />
• In gall bladder when there is cholesterol particular present sonographically .we can see the presence of comic fail lobe images in the gall bladder . These comic fail are actually the cholesterol particular floating or depositing in the gall bladder<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">MUCOCOELE GALL BLADDER</span></b><br />
<br />
• A space or organ distended with mucus for exp it may occur in the gall bladder when the exit duct becomes obstructed so that the mucus secretions or retained and dilate the cavity of the organ a mucocoele in soft tissues arising form a salivary gland accurse when the duct is blocked or ruptured . It is a sterile distention of gall bladder with a stone impacted in the neck of the gall bladder . This type of gall bladder distention later on become infects <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Pyocele Gall Bladder </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
• A swelling caused by an accumulation of pus in a part of the body. It is not a sterile distention of gall bladder pout pus is present here in pyocele acute abdomen is present there tuberous abnormalities in gall bladder a Sámi partial <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">MALIGNANCY </span></b><br />
<br />
Describing a tumor that invades and destroy the tissue in which it originates and can spread to other sites in the body via the blood stream and lymphatic system.1.cancet 2.benige tumor This is a very beginning stage of the malignancy of a small portion of gall bladder is become infiltrated due to the presence of timorous growth. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">PARTIAL OF MALLEGNANCY </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
• It is some what in advance stage of malignancy some what more area of the gall bladder become infiltrated which shows the enlargement of the timorous growth with in the gall bladder.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Highly Malignancy of Gall Bladder</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
• This is a maximum advance stage of malignancy of gall bladder. Most of the areas of gall bladder become infiltrated. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Polly Pandunculated tumor of Gall Bladder</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
• In this case a tumor attached with gall bladder walls by this stage is seen this type of tumor usually the size is 1 cm. For the confirmation of the nature of the tumor follow up scanning is needed.</div>
<code><a href="#">Keywords:-</a></code><br />
<span class=SEO>Gall, Gal, Bladder, Ultrasound, Services, Trainings, Tech, International, Online, Classes, Lessons, Chapters, Waves, Radiology, Study, Books, Info, Information, Pakistan, International, Number , #, 1, </span>
Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-55425260167887547022009-12-10T14:54:00.002+00:002020-12-05T12:51:39.040+00:00Liver<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>THE LIVER</u></span></b><br />
<br />
The liver is wedge shaped organ its is the largest gland in the body situated in the upper most part of abdominal cavity on the right side the diaphragm its largely protected by the ribs<br />
<br />
The is divided into two main lobes right and left the upper surface is convex and lies breath the diaphragm .The under surface is irregular and present the transverse fissure the surface being broken by the passage of the vessels which enter and leave the liver<br />
The longitudinal fissure separates the caudate and left lobe of the under surface and the calceiform ligaments occupies a similar position on the upper surface of the liver .The liver is further sub divided into Four lobes (right, left, caudate & quadrate)<br />
These are made up of lobules the lobules which are hexagonal in shave and 1 mm diameter in size are composed of cubical liver cell and the ramification of the vessels of the liver all connected by liver tissue the liver has a triple blood supply by means of the hepatic arterial, venous, and portal blood circulation<br />
The weigh close to 3 pound and is the largest internal organ the size measure in 133 mm at med, clavicle line, and diameter of portal vein less then 13 mm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Diseases Of the liver</span></b><br />
<br />
<b>• OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE </b><br />
<br />
In obstructive jaundice the intra hepatic duct become dilated and below the portal vein another false image of the portal system will be seen in cross section view In longitudinal visualization.<br />
It is seen as double layer sign. In this disease the boil duct ramming all around portal veins become dilated and seen just like the portal system son graphically <br />
<br />
<b>CIRRHOSES OF LIVER </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
The granularly of the liver parenchyma becomes course .The regenerated nodes of the liver cell can been on liver surface .The ages of the liver also become irregular .The enlargement of the liver is also present at the beginning .In the latest stage of the liver become cirrhoses in very advance stage hepatoma may be appear on he liver usually a hepatoma will</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
appear when cirrhoses of liver remain as for fifteen </div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
to twenty year in this stage liver will cirrhoses in size</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
and saner or later the patient will die. In cirrhoses </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
granularly we see the white and black dot on liver</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
circle .The white called fibroses and black dot are</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
on liver lesion</div>
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<b>CONGESTIVE LIVER OR CARDIAL LIVER</b><br />
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On the visualization of hepatic vein .We see that the hepatic vein are dilated and fully blood .In the mean time we say the patient to take a deep breath and hold it <br />
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<b> What he do it? </b><br />
All the blood from the hepatic veins flows towards lungs and right heart .The hepatic veins becomes shrunk and narrow due to the out flow of blood<br />
But when the cardiac failure is present and we say<br />
the patient for taking deep breath they will no change<br />
in hepatic veins these remain dilated because the heart is failure to pump or shrunk the blood.Which is running in the hepatic vein. In the source we are able to diagnose the cardiac failure<br />
In the athletes the hepatic vein diameter is more than the non-athletic person.<br />
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<b>HYDERATED CYST</b><br />
Any cyst mass with the bright wall is hydrated which may appear on any side of the liver parenchyma sono graphically the wall of a cyst gives hyper echoic made filled with an echoic fluid. A bright wall cavity with hypo echoic fluid is a hydrated cyst of the liver<br />
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<b>FATTY LIVER</b><br />
Liver becomes enlarged which can be measured bellow the costal margin on the right side of the patient. Hyper echoic dot can be seen on the liver parenchyma which are the fats deposition in the liver .The fatty liver generally develop to diabetes<br />
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<b>LIVER ABSCESS</b><br />
Liver abscess is a very common disease in Pakistan liver abscess can be seen sono graphically a rounded invasion mark on the liver surface with pussy filled equisetic shadow. Which the indications of liver abscess. <br />
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<b>BENIGN HAEMAN GIOMA</b><br />
A coin mark with out a hollow around on the liver surface is a benign haeman gioma of the liver <br />
Hyper echoic<br />
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<b>LIVER METASTASIS </b><br />
A coin mark on the liver surface with hollow around is metastasis of the liver<br />
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<b>Liver Ascites</b><br />
When we visualized the left lobe of the liver but placing our probe on sternum we see an echoic fluid collection around the edge of liver this is liver ascites <br />
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<b>BLOOD CIRCULATION IN LIVER</b><br />
• Three types of Blood circulation present in a liver <br />
• 1. Arterial Blood circulation <br />
• 2. Venous Blood Circulation<br />
• 3. Portal Blood Circulation<br />
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<b>Arterial Blood Circulation</b><br />
<br />
Arterial start from aorta reach in liver from capillaries. The blood in a arterial system is fresh oxygenated coming from lungs and heart in this way arterial blood supplies oxygen and other nutrients to liver <br />
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<b>VENOUS BLOOD CIRCULATION </b><br />
The venous system start from I.V.C (Inferior vena cava) reach in the liver from capillaries. The venous system carries impure blood from the liver and falls it in the I.V.C <br />
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<b>PORTAL BLOOD CIRCULATION </b><br />
Portal system carries the blood from spleen pancreas and from the mesentery (i.e.) from intestine, stomach and supplies to liver. This Portal blood carries nutrient in crud from and supplied to liver where the metabolism of the nutrients takes place.</div>
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-68248233351539688682009-12-10T14:50:00.002+00:002020-12-05T12:51:39.049+00:00Probe<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>PROBE</u></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></b>
Probe is a part of the ultra sound machine which produces ultra sound waves The ultra sound wave which produce probe are emitted<br />
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<b>ZERCONIUM CRYSTAL LYING IN THE PROBE</b><br />
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<b>PROPERTIES OF THE ZIRCONIUM CRYSTAL</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeOyzl17XKP__CoI9cTINe8azkY19ySpBrG2DkBR6zlTLL4MqnyK-HMU7xfQAE96Jr4dcoJGVmNuB9WWSneBjxwErHdIAqqnHvon3jYHw9j_pYtfdj12kRTnL3-0XQRZQAevQRpSsg1eMk/s1600-h/Lecture+2+Whats+Probe+2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="252" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413620879077386530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeOyzl17XKP__CoI9cTINe8azkY19ySpBrG2DkBR6zlTLL4MqnyK-HMU7xfQAE96Jr4dcoJGVmNuB9WWSneBjxwErHdIAqqnHvon3jYHw9j_pYtfdj12kRTnL3-0XQRZQAevQRpSsg1eMk/s320/Lecture+2+Whats+Probe+2.jpg" style="float: right; margin: 0px 0px 10px 10px;" width="320" /></a>When a zirconium crystal is electric fluid by electrocutes with the help of anode (+) and cathode (-) current it start vibrating producing ultra sound waves are around when another zirconium crystal frosty fluid by galvanometer (G) and put it in the field of the ultra Sound waves .It shows electric current in the Galliano meter by observing ultra sound waves this phenomena is called piezoelectric Phenomena and this is only zirconium crystal properties that, it can produce ultra sound waves when they are electric fluid and can produce electric current when they observed ultra sound waves in the absence of in the electric current.<br />
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<b>TYPES OFPROBE/TRANSDUCER</b><br />
<br />
• These are two types of probe <br />
• 1. LINEAR PROBE <br />
• 2. CONVEX PROBE <br />
<br />
<b>1.LINEAR PROBE</b><br />
In the linear probe the zirconium crystal are lined in linear fashion .It produce image of the internal abdomen as much the length of the probe. <br />
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<b>2.CONVEX PROBE</b><br />
In the convex probe the zirconium crystal are lined convexly the image produce by this probe cover the much more area as compare to the area covered by this probe it self.</div>
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1925685005649579675.post-41566155510980593892009-12-10T14:21:00.000+00:002020-12-05T12:51:39.057+00:00Ultrasound Deffination<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Prof . Dr.Muhammad Habib ullah Anjum</span></b></div>
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Member of Ultrasound Society of Pakistan<br />
Campus Principal<br />
THE SCHOOL OF ULTRASOUND TRAINING FAISALABAD PAKISTAN<br />
MEMBER The Diagnostic Research Institute Uk.<br />
PHD (HR) Msc Applied Psychology RDMS .Uk. <br />
MD Alternative and Complimentary Medicine Uk.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">DEFFINATION </span></b><br />
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These are ordinary sound waves which a human ear cannot able to here. The frequency of the ultrasound waves is more then 20 MHz the energy of ultrasound is very low. This is why there sounds are not able to sensitize our tympanic membrane of our ear. This is why the sounds are invisible of human living some sound are emitted by some animals and also hired by some animals.For exp (e.g.) in the at night bits fly in the air with guidance in the ultrasound waves. They produced ultra sound waves after striking with object these waves when reflect back producing an echo they again hired them and change these voice in this waves with help of ultra sound an echo they saves them self after striking with that abject similarly dogs and cats are also can hired some ultra sound<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">How sound travel in a media?</span></b><br />
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When a sound produce from a source, the source compress near adjacent molecule of the media in which sound waves are traveling. This compressed molecule of the media again compressed the next adjacent molecule laying in his on weight boar laving behind decompressed when we throw the stone in the middle of the pound waves are produce that travel toward the back of the pound in the form of compress living behind decompression.when a compress is found and travel or transmitted in the next molecule living behind decompress this compression , decompression and again compression is called cycle and Hz.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">FREQUENCY</span></b><br />
• Numbers of cycles completed in one sound by sounds waves is called frequencies. <br />
• Frequency is a inversely prepositional to the energy <br />
• F I/M <br />
• The soul, which we can ear, have frequency in between 20 to 20000 Hz beyond this range the sound waves become ultrasound which we are mutable to ear. <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">PARTS OF ULTRASOUN MECHINE</span></b><br />
<br />
• The ultrasound machine have basically three main parts <br />
• Basic ultra sound machine <br />
• Data Box<br />
• Transducer / Probe</div>
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Dr. Habibullah Anjumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09277909439800426662noreply@blogger.com1